The aim of the current study is to provide a ‘qualitative assessment’ of the direct and indirect effects of adaptation options and to provide an assessment of some of the costs and benefits of adaptation options.
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resultsDescription of the relative direction, magnitude, and certainty of climate change-related health impacts and describe costs of interventions
Thus it is very difficult to define a coherent operational adaptation strategy for natural ecosystems. The report tries the even more difficult, estimation of the financing needs for adaptation, although investment in current conservation can provide some guidelines as to costs and to financing opportunities.
To shed light on adaptation costs—and with the global climate change negotiations resuming in December 2009 in Copenhagen—the Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change (EACC) study was initiated by the World Bank in early 2008, funded by the governments of the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.
Taking it for granted that the purpose of fisheries management is to increase the flow of net economic benefits from the fishing activity, the costs of operating the fisheries management system itself are obviously among those that have to be subtracted to arrive at the net benefits of fishing.
Few doubt the need for government intervention to manage the use of fisheries resources. The nature of access to fisheries resources means that intervention is required to provide for optimal economic performance and to meet environmental objectives. Management authorities therefore spend considerable funds to conduct stock research, make decisions and enforce those decisions.
In this article, we (i) examine the ways in which erosion reduces soil fertility and crop productivity, (ii) assess the environmental and economic costs of soil erosion, and (iii) compare various agricultural techniques and practices that reduce erosion and help conserve water and soil resources.
Different soil protection measures are described and economically evaluated. Based on the evaluation recommendations are formulated.
EuroHEAT, a project co-funded by the European Commission Directorate-General for Health and Consumers, aimed to improve public health responses to weather extremes and to heat-waves in particular. Climate change is projected to lead to an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, including heat-waves.
The report seeks to inform critical questions with regard to policy mixes of investments in adaptation and mitigation, and how they might vary over time. This is facilitated here by examining adaptation within global Integrated Assessment Modelling frameworks.
Therefore, this paper aims at developing a broad economic framework for adaptation which can provide a foundation and a starting point for future economic research. The economic analysis allows us to distinguish between autonomous adaptation by private agents on the one hand and collective adaptation measures by government entities on the other.
In spite of various mitigation strategies that are being implemented to reduce and prevent future adverse effects of climate change, there is widespread agreement that climate change will nonetheless take place. This report anticipates on the urgent need to respond adequately to climate change in the Netherlands by identifying adaptation strategies both for the public and private sector.
This case study presents evidence of a monetised impact assessment of the impacts of heatwaves on human health in the county of Hampshire, Southern England. Specifically, we take the unusually warm conditions that existed in the UK in summer 2003 as an historical analogue of an event that is likely to become more frequent in the future under climate change.
This document presents the results of an extensive literature review on Lyme borreliosis (LB) combined with input from leading experts in this field. In the cCASHh project several health impact assessments, adaptation assessments, cost–benefit analysis and integrated assessment modelling (health futures) were carried out.
The report outlines how climate and atmospheric composition is already changing and how it may change further, how these changes may be affecting cropping system function, the adaptations that may be needed for cropping systems in the future and some key research challenges in the next five years.
There are many potential adaptation options available for marginal change of existing agricultural systems, often variations of existing climate risk management. We show that implementation of these options is likely to have substantial benefits under moderate climate change for some cropping systems. However, there are limits to their effectiveness under more severe climate changes.
This study on ‘Adaptation to Climate Change in the Agricultural Sector’ aims to provide the European Commission with an improved understanding of the potential implications of climate change and adaptation options for European agriculture, covering the EU 27 Member States.
This study compiles and summarizes the existing knowledge about observed and projected impacts of climate change on forests in Europe and reviews options for forests and forestry to adapt to climate change.
This paper briefly described the impacts of climate change on European agricultural systems, and further discusses how agriculture in Europe may adapt to climate change and how this may influence European agricultural policy.
This report provides a preliminary discussion of the likely impacts of climate change for Scotland’s forest industry. Although the process of adaptation must begin now, the recommendations will be refined as more research and new information becomes available.
This study analyses the impact of climate change on the German agriculture and possible adaptation measures. It is based on different available process analyses and regional studies.
The regional study KLARA, an acronym for ‘Climate change - impacts, risks, Adaptation’, presents results of investigations on different areas of potential vulnerability for the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg. An essential objective of the study is the identification of impact-reducing measures of adaptation in the areas considered.
Previous global studies have identified the energy sector as one of the most important for future climate change impact analysis in Western Europe (e.g. Eyre et al, 1998). The changing climate in the UK will shift energy demand patterns for heating and cooling, as well as changing the resource availability of many renewable technologies (e.g. hydro, wind, even biomass).
Review and Analysis of impacts, costs and use of artificial snow in the Alps
Against the background of global climate change, we may ask which skiing areas can still be considered to offer reliable snow covers in a warmer future, and which areas will cease to be suppliers in the winter tourism industry due to insufficient snow covers.
This paper compares alternative risk transfer mechanisms (insurance solutions) in three countries, which were affected by the flood event in August 2005, namely Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The comparison focuses on the ability of the institutional solutions to dampen economic shocks caused by natural hazard events.
This paper explores options for programs to be put in place prior to a disaster to avoid large and often poorly-managed expenditures following a catastrophe and to provide appropriate protection against the risk of those large losses which do occur.
The report describes the activities of the insurance industry. Insurers have begun to embrace a more sophisticated approac to climate change, increasingly recognizing the issue as one of “enterprise risk management,” which cuts across the domains of underwriting, asset management, and corporate governance.
The paper researched example of insurance products which limit and manage risk of extreme weather events.