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A qualitative assessment of climate adaptation options and some estimates of adaptation costs

The aim of the current study is to provide a ‘qualitative assessment’ of the direct and indirect effects of adaptation options and to provide an assessment of some of the costs and benefits of adaptation options.

Health Impact of Climate Change

Description of the relative direction, magnitude, and certainty of climate change-related health impacts and describe costs of interventions

Adaptation Options on Natural Ecosystems.

Thus it is very difficult to define a coherent operational adaptation strategy for natural ecosystems. The report tries the even more difficult, estimation of the financing needs for adaptation, although investment in current conservation can provide some guidelines as to costs and to financing opportunities.

The Costs to Developing Countries of Adapting to Climate Change: New Methods and Estimates

To shed light on adaptation costs—and with the global climate change negotiations resuming in December 2009 in Copenhagen—the Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change (EACC) study was initiated by the World Bank in early 2008, funded by the governments of the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.

Costs of Fisheries Management: The Cases of Iceland, Norway and Newfoundland

Taking it for granted that the purpose of fisheries management is to increase the flow of net economic benefits from the fishing activity, the costs of operating the fisheries management system itself are obviously among those that have to be subtracted to arrive at the net benefits of fishing.

Fisheries Management Costs: Concepts and Studies

Few doubt the need for government intervention to manage the use of fisheries resources. The nature of access to fisheries resources means that intervention is required to provide for optimal economic performance and to meet environmental objectives. Management authorities therefore spend considerable funds to conduct stock research, make decisions and enforce those decisions.

Environmental and Economic Costs of Soil Erosion and Conservation Benefits

In this article, we (i) examine the ways in which erosion reduces soil fertility and crop productivity, (ii) assess the environmental and economic costs of soil erosion, and (iii) compare various agricultural techniques and practices that reduce erosion and help conserve water and soil resources.

Bodenschutz in der deutschen Landwirtschaft – Stand und Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten (Soil protection in German agriculture - Status and possible improvements)

Different soil protection measures are described and economically evaluated. Based on the evaluation recommendations are formulated.

Improving public health responses to extreme weather/heat-waves – EuroHEAT

EuroHEAT, a project co-funded by the European Commission Directorate-General for Health and Consumers, aimed to improve public health responses to weather extremes and to heat-waves in particular. Climate change is projected to lead to an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, including heat-waves.

Heat-waves and Human Health

Economic Aspects of adaptation to climate change: Integrated assessment modelling of adaptation costs and benefits

The report seeks to inform critical questions with regard to policy mixes of investments in adaptation and mitigation, and how they might vary over time. This is facilitated here by examining adaptation within global Integrated Assessment Modelling frameworks.

The Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change – The Case of Germany

Therefore, this paper aims at developing a broad economic framework for adaptation which can provide a foundation and a starting point for future economic research. The economic analysis allows us to distinguish between autonomous adaptation by private agents on the one hand and collective adaptation measures by government entities on the other.

Climate adaptation in the Netherlands

In spite of various mitigation strategies that are being implemented to reduce and prevent future adverse effects of climate change, there is widespread agreement that climate change will nonetheless take place. This report anticipates on the urgent need to respond adequately to climate change in the Netherlands by identifying adaptation strategies both for the public and private sector.

Health case study

This case study presents evidence of a monetised impact assessment of the impacts of heatwaves on human health in the county of Hampshire, Southern England. Specifically, we take the unusually warm conditions that existed in the UK in summer 2003 as an historical analogue of an event that is likely to become more frequent in the future under climate change.

Lyme borreliosis in Europe: influences of climate and climate change, epidemiology, ecology and adaptation measures

This document presents the results of an extensive literature review on Lyme borreliosis (LB) combined with input from leading experts in this field. In the cCASHh project several health impact assessments, adaptation assessments, cost–benefit analysis and integrated assessment modelling (health futures) were carried out.

Challenges and opportunities for cropping systems in a changing climate

The report outlines how climate and atmospheric composition is already changing and how it may change further, how these changes may be affecting cropping system function, the adaptations that may be needed for cropping systems in the future and some key research challenges in the next five years.

Adapting agriculture to climate change

There are many potential adaptation options available for marginal change of existing agricultural systems, often variations of existing climate risk management. We show that implementation of these options is likely to have substantial benefits under moderate climate change for some cropping systems. However, there are limits to their effectiveness under more severe climate changes.

Adaptation to Climate Change in the Agricultural Sector

This study on ‘Adaptation to Climate Change in the Agricultural Sector’ aims to provide the European Commission with an improved understanding of the potential implications of climate change and adaptation options for European agriculture, covering the EU 27 Member States.

Impacts of Climate Change on European Forests and Options for Adaptation

This study compiles and summarizes the existing knowledge about observed and projected impacts of climate change on forests in Europe and reviews options for forests and forestry to adapt to climate change.

Agricultural Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change in Europe

This paper briefly described the impacts of climate change on European agricultural systems, and further discusses how agriculture in Europe may adapt to climate change and how this may influence European agricultural policy.

Impacts of climate change on forests and forestry in Scotland

This report provides a preliminary discussion of the likely impacts of climate change for Scotland’s forest industry. Although the process of adaptation must begin now, the recommendations will be refined as more research and new information becomes available.

Analyse des Sachstands zu Auswirkungen von Klimaveränderungen auf die deutsche Landwirtschaft und Maßnahmen zur Anpassung (Analysis of Status of Climate Impacts for German agriculture and Adaptation measures)

This study analyses the impact of climate change on the German agriculture and possible adaptation measures. It is based on different available process analyses and regional studies.

KLARA – Klimawandel – Auswirkungen, Risiken, Anpassung. (KLARA - Climate Change - Impacts, Risks, Adaptation)

The regional study KLARA, an acronym for ‘Climate change - impacts, risks, Adaptation’, presents results of investigations on different areas of potential vulnerability for the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg. An essential objective of the study is the identification of impact-reducing measures of adaptation in the areas considered.

Project E – Quantify the cost of impacts and adaptation

Previous global studies have identified the energy sector as one of the most important for future climate change impact analysis in Western Europe (e.g. Eyre et al, 1998). The changing climate in the UK will shift energy demand patterns for heating and cooling, as well as changing the resource availability of many renewable technologies (e.g. hydro, wind, even biomass).

Künstliche Beschneiung im Alpenraum. Ein Hintergrundbericht. (Artificial snowing in the Alps. A Background report.)

Review and Analysis of impacts, costs and use of artificial snow in the Alps

The Vulnerability of the Snow Industry in the Swiss Alps

Against the background of global climate change, we may ask which skiing areas can still be considered to offer reliable snow covers in a warmer future, and which areas will cease to be suppliers in the winter tourism industry due to insufficient snow covers.

Risikotransfersysteme für Naturkatastrophen in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz - Ein theoretischer und empirischer Vergleich. (Risk transfer systems for natural disaster in Germany, Austria and Switzerland - A theoretical and empirical Comparis

This paper compares alternative risk transfer mechanisms (insurance solutions) in three countries, which were affected by the flood event in August 2005, namely Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The comparison focuses on the ability of the institutional solutions to dampen economic shocks caused by natural hazard events.

Rules rather than Discretion: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina

This paper explores options for programs to be put in place prior to a disaster to avoid large and often poorly-managed expenditures following a catastrophe and to provide appropriate protection against the risk of those large losses which do occur.

From Risk to Opportunity - Insurers response to climate change

The report describes the activities of the insurance industry. Insurers have begun to embrace a more sophisticated approac to climate change, increasingly recognizing the issue as one of “enterprise risk management,” which cuts across the domains of underwriting, asset management, and corporate governance.

The Role of Insurers in Promoting Adaptation to the Impacts of Climate Change

The paper researched example of insurance products which limit and manage risk of extreme weather events.

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